# 4.2.5. pde.grids.cylindrical module

Cylindrical grids with azimuthal symmetry

Bases: GridBase

3-dimensional cylindrical grid assuming polar symmetry

The polar symmetry implies that states only depend on the radial and axial coordinates $$r$$ and $$z$$, respectively. These are discretized uniformly as

\begin{align*} r_i &= \left(i + \frac12\right) \Delta r &&\quad \text{for} \quad i = 0, \ldots, N_r - 1 &&\quad \text{with} \quad \Delta r = \frac{R}{N_r} \\ z_j &= z_\mathrm{min} + \left(j + \frac12\right) \Delta z &&\quad \text{for} \quad j = 0, \ldots, N_z - 1 &&\quad \text{with} \quad \Delta z = \frac{z_\mathrm{max} - z_\mathrm{min}}{N_z} \end{align*}

where $$R$$ is the radius of the cylindrical grid, $$z_\mathrm{min}$$ and $$z_\mathrm{max}$$ denote the respective lower and upper bounds of the axial direction, so that $$z_\mathrm{max} - z_\mathrm{min}$$ is the total height. The two axes are discretized by $$N_r$$ and $$N_z$$ support points, respectively.

Warning

The order of components in the vector and tensor fields defined on this grid is different than in ordinary math. While it is common to use $$(r, \phi, z)$$, we here use the order $$(r, z, \phi)$$. It might thus be best to access components by name instead of index, e.g., use field['z'] instead of field[1].

Parameters:

• bounds_z (tuple) – The lower and upper bound of the z-axis

• shape (tuple) – The number of support points in r and z direction, respectively. The same number is used for both if a single value is given.

• periodic_z (bool) – Determines whether the z-axis has periodic boundary conditions.

axes: List[str] = ['r', 'z']

Names of all axes that are described by the grid

Type:

list

axes_symmetric: List[str] = ['phi']

The names of the additional axes that the fields do not depend on, e.g. along which they are constant.

Type:

list

boundary_names: Dict[str, Tuple[int, bool]] = {'bottom': (1, False), 'inner': (0, False), 'outer': (0, True), 'top': (1, True)}

Names of boundaries to select them conveniently

Type:

dict

cell_volume_data: Sequence[FloatNumerical]

Information about the size of discretization cells

Type:

list

coordinate_constraints: List[int] = [0, 1]

axes that not described explicitly

Type:

list

dim: int = 3

The spatial dimension in which the grid is embedded

Type:

int

classmethod from_bounds(bounds, shape, periodic)[source]
Parameters:
• bounds (tuple) – Give the coordinate range for each axis. This should be a tuple of two number (lower and upper bound) for each axis. The length of bounds must be 2.

• shape (tuple) – The number of support points for each axis. The length of shape needs to be 2.

• periodic (bool or list) – Specifies which axes possess periodic boundary conditions. The first entry is ignored.

Returns:

CylindricalGrid representing the region chosen by bounds

Return type:

CylindricalSymGrid

classmethod from_state(state)[source]

create a field from a stored state.

Parameters:

state (dict) – The state from which the grid is reconstructed.

Return type:

CylindricalSymGrid

get_cartesian_grid(mode='valid')[source]

return a Cartesian grid for this Cylindrical one

Parameters:

mode (str) – Determines how the grid is determined. Setting it to ‘valid’ only returns points that are fully resolved in the cylindrical grid, e.g., the cylinder is circumscribed. Conversely, ‘full’ returns all data, so the cylinder is inscribed.

Returns:

The requested grid

Return type:

pde.grids.cartesian.CartesianGrid

get_image_data(data)[source]

return a 2d-image of the data

Parameters:

data (ndarray) – The values at the grid points

Returns:

A dictionary with information about the image, which is convenient for plotting.

Return type:

Dict[str, Any]

get_line_data(data, extract='auto')[source]

return a line cut for the cylindrical grid

Parameters:
• data (ndarray) – The values at the grid points

• extract (str) –

Determines which cut is done through the grid. Possible choices are (default is cut_axial):

• cut_z or cut_axial: values along the axial coordinate for $$r=0$$.

• project_z or project_axial: average values for each axial position (radial average).

• project_r or project_radial: average values for each radial position (axial average)

Returns:

A dictionary with information about the line cut, which is convenient for plotting.

Return type:

Dict[str, Any]

get_random_point(*, boundary_distance=0, avoid_center=False, coords='cartesian', rng=None)[source]

return a random point within the grid

Note that these points will be uniformly distributed on the radial axis, which implies that they are not uniformly distributed in the volume.

Parameters:
• boundary_distance (float) – The minimal distance this point needs to have from all boundaries.

• avoid_center (bool) – Determines whether the boundary distance should also be kept from the center, i.e., whether points close to the center are returned.

• coords (str) – Determines the coordinate system in which the point is specified. Valid values are cartesian, cell, and grid; see transform().

• rng (Generator) – Random number generator (default: default_rng())

Returns:

The coordinates of the point

Return type:

ndarray

iter_mirror_points(point, with_self=False, only_periodic=True)[source]

generates all mirror points corresponding to point

Parameters:
• point (ndarray) – the point within the grid

• with_self (bool) – whether to include the point itself

• only_periodic (bool) – whether to only mirror along periodic axes

Returns:

A generator yielding the coordinates that correspond to mirrors

Return type:

Generator

property length: float

length of the cylinder

Type:

float

num_axes: int = 2

Number of axes that are not assumed symmetrically

Type:

int

point_from_cartesian(points)[source]

convert points given in Cartesian coordinates to this grid

This function returns points restricted to the x-z plane, i.e., the y-coordinate will be zero.

Parameters:

points (ndarray) – Points given in Cartesian coordinates.

Returns:

Points given in the coordinates of the grid

Return type:

ndarray

point_to_cartesian(points, *, full=False)[source]

convert coordinates of a point to Cartesian coordinates

Parameters:
• points (ndarray) – The grid coordinates of the points

• full (bool) – Flag indicating whether angular coordinates are specified

Returns:

The Cartesian coordinates of the point

Return type:

ndarray

polar_coordinates_real(origin, *, ret_angle=False)[source]

return spherical coordinates associated with the grid

Parameters:
• origin (ndarray) – Coordinates of the origin at which the polar coordinate system is anchored. Note that this must be of the form [0, 0, z_val], where only z_val can be chosen freely.

• ret_angle (bool) – Determines whether the azimuthal angle is returned alongside the distance. If False only the distance to the origin is returned for each support point of the grid. If True, the distance and angles are returned.

Return type:

Type:

float

slice(indices)[source]

return a subgrid of only the specified axes

Parameters:

indices (list) – Indices indicating the axes that are retained in the subgrid

Returns:

CartesianGrid or PolarSymGrid: The subgrid

Return type:
property state: Dict[str, Any]

the state of the grid

Type:

state

property volume: float

total volume of the grid

Type:

float